So in a certain sense, the arguments made in Persuasive games have larger implications about the nature of all digital media that has a Procedural Rhetorc-all interactive digital media rhetorically make arguments through their interactivity. Combining the two: Procedural Rhetoricīogost combines these two terms to define Procedural Rhetoric as "the practice of using processes persuasively." He states that he will use videogames as an merely as an example of Procedural Rhetoric. Bogost concludes his section on rhetoric by suggesting that digital media must focus on procedurality in its study of rhetoric. Through a discussion of oratory rhetoric, visual rhetoric, digital rhetoric and procedural rhetoric, Bogost arrives at a definition of rhetoric as " effective expression." Īccording to Bogost, oratory rhetoric is privileged in the eyes of many, while written, visual, and digital rhetoric are under-appreciated. Visual rhetoric is grounded in an expanded notion of rhetoric that involves 'not only the study of literature and speech, but of culture, art, and even science' (Kenney and Scott in Persuasive Imagery, 2003). Overall, Bogost views the procedure of videogames as devices for expressing ideas and forming arguments, he compares them to "metaphors" and other literary devices.īogost begins his exploration of the term rhetoric in a similar way he begins his explanation of procedure: in both cases, Bogost makes an effort to dispel the negative connotations these terms have. Visual rhetoric is a branch of rhetorical studies concerned with the persuasive use of images, whether on their own or in the company of words.
Nevertheless, it is obvious that the interactive procedurality of videogames and computer programs is unique these digital media when they are analyzed as cultural artifacts.
On a more philosophical level, Bogost discusses how all behavior is underpinned by logic and implies that the procedurality of computers (and thus videogames) is in fact not unique to digital media. When you establish your Project Plan, you work with experts to determine how you are going to manage scope, cost, schedule, communications, risk, etc. In the work of literature, The Red Convertible by Louise Erdrich, themes of race and gender are conveyed throughout the story because the main characters, two brothers Lyman and Henry, are both Native Americans that suffer from different stressors throughout the story.
#Persuasive artifact meaning software#
3 Combining the two: Procedural RhetoricĪfter briefly discussing the negative connotations procedure often has, Bogost cites Janet Murray who gives a technical definition for procedure within the context of digital artifacts as the "defining ability to execute a series of rule." Bogost restates the this definition as the fundamental activity of software authorship and discusses how the procedure of computers is what "fundamentally separates them from other media." An artifact is any document that is subject to integrated change control.
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